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Journal of Tropical Pediatrics Advance Access published online on August 5, 2009
Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, doi:10.1093/tropej/fmp072
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© The Author [2009]. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity and Oppositional Defiance Disorder in HIV-Infected South African Children

I. Zeegersa, H. Rabieb, S. Swanevelderc, C. Edsonb, M. Cottonb and R. van Toornb

a Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
b Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Children's Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Western Cape, South Africa
c Biostatistics Unit, Medical Research Council, Tygerberg Children's Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Western Cape, South Africa

Correspondence: R. van Toorn, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg children's hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa. Tel.: +00 27 21 938 9113; Fax: +27 21 938-9138. E-mail: <vtoorn{at}sun.ac.za>.


  Abstract

Objective: To determine the prevalence of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiance disorder (ODD) in HIV-infected South African children.

Methods: Swanson, Nolan and Pelham (SNAP-IV) questionnaires were used to determine ADHD and ODD severity and a draw-a-person (DAP) test was used to screen for developmental disorders. Associations between behavioural subtypes, psychological functioning, demographic and health variables were investigated.

Results: The SNAP-IV caregiver questionnaires showed a 26% prevalence of ADHD inattentive type; 38% hyperactive type and 24% combined type. The prevalence of ODD was 12% on parent questionnaires and 9.5% on teacher's questionnaires.

Conclusions: Parents/caregiver-only SNAP-IV questionnaires indicate a high prevalence of significant ADHD (all subtypes) and ODD in HIV-infected children. No significant differences were found between the severity of HIV disease and the presence of a behavioural disorder. The SNAP IV questionnaires and DAP test may prove valuable screening tools in HIV children with behavioural problems.


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