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Journal of Tropical Pediatrics Advance Access published online on April 28, 2009
Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, doi:10.1093/tropej/fmp030
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© The Author [2009]. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Severe Pneumonia in Mozambican Young Children: Clinical and Radiological Characteristics and Risk Factors

Betuel Sigaúquea,b,c, Anna Rocaa,c, Quique Bassata,c, Luís Moraisa, Llorenç Quintóa,c, Anna Berengueraa, Sónia Machevoa,d, Azucena Bardajia,c, Manuel Corachanc, Josep Ribóe, Clara Menéndeza,c, Anne Schuchatf, Brendan Flanneryf, Montse Soriano-Gabarróf and Pedro L Alonsoa,c

aCentro de Investigação em Saúde da Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
bbInstituto Nacional de Saúde, Ministério de Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
cBarcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic/IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Spain
dFaculdade de Medicina, Univerdade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
eHospital Universitari Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
fCenters for Disease Control and Prevention – CDC, Atlanta, USA

Correspondence: Betuel Lázaro Sigaúque, Centro de Investigação em Saúde da Manhiça (CISM), Instituto Nacional de Saude, Ministério de Saúde, Maputo, Moçambique, Rua N° 12 C. P 1929.

E-mail <betuel.sigauque{at}manhica.net> or <necy_sigauque{at}yahoo.com>.

Present address: Montse Soriano-Gabarró, GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rue de l'Institut 89, B-1330 Rixensart, Belgium.


  Abstract

Background: Pneumonia is a leading cause of hospitalization and death among children in Africa. We describe the clinical presentation of severe pneumonia among hospitalized children in a malaria endemic area with a high prevalence of HIV infection. Methods: As part of a 2-year prospective study of radiologically confirmed pneumonia, chest radiographs, malaria parasite counts and bacterial blood cultures were systematically performed for children 0–23 months admitted with severe pneumonia. Radiographs were interpreted according to WHO guidelines. HIV tests were performed during a 12-month period. Results: Severe pneumonia accounted for 16% of 4838 hospital admissions among children 0–23 months; 43% of episodes had endpoint consolidation, 15% were associated with bacteremia and 11% were fatal. Fever, cough >3 days, crepitations, hypoxemia and absence of malaria parasitemia were associated with radiologically confirmed pneumonia. Nineteen per cent of children with severe pneumonia and 27% with radiologically confirmed pneumonia had clinical malaria. HIV-prevalence was 26% among children hospitalized with severe pneumonia and HIV-testing results. HIV infection, anaemia, malnutrition, hypoxemia and bacteremia were associated with fatal episodes of severe pneumonia. Conclusion: Treatment of admitted children with severe pneumonia is complicated in settings with prevalent HIV and malaria. Children with severe pneumonia and clinical malaria require antibiotic and antimalarial treatment. In addition to vertical programs, integrated approaches may greatly contribute to reduction of pneumonia-related mortality.

Key Words: Mozambique • children • pneumonia • risk factors • mortality


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