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Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 1994 40(2):82-87; doi:10.1093/tropej/40.2.82
© 1994 by Oxford University Press
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Risk Factors for Vitamin A Deficiency in Rural Areas of the Philippines

D. S. Rosen, MPH, MPA*, N. L. Sloan, DrPH*, A. del Rosario, MS** and T. C. de la Paz, MD***

* Helen Keller International (HKI) 15 W. 16th Street, New York NY 10011, USA
** Nutrition Service of the Department of Health/Government of the Phillipines Manila (DOH)
*** Davao Medical School Foundation Davao City, Philippines (DMSF)

A survey of vitamin A deficiency was conducted in January and February 1991 on the island of Mindanao in the Philippines. Demographic, serum retinol, conjunctival impression cytology (CIC), anthropometric, and dietary data were collected from 248 preschool children in five randomly selected rural communities on the outskirts of Davao City. Twenty-nine per cent [95 per cent confidence interval (CI) 23–35 per cent] of preschool children had serum retiool levels below 20 µg/dl. Nearly 6 per cent (95 per cent CI 3–9 per cent) had serum retinol levels below 10 µg/dl. Thirty-two per cent (95 per cent CI 25–38 per cent) had abnormal CIC findings. The correlation between serum retinol and CIC results was poor. Recent history of diarrbeal disease, reported night blindness, maternal education less than 9 years, and infrequent consumption of eggs, mangoes, and liver were associated with increased risk of vitamin A deficiency.


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